Exam

Well,

failed by 1 questions.
I guess I'll take again in a few months.

Questions were very poorly worded but what can you do.

Network management

Alright last big chapter.

Network management is done at the last two stages.
Operate,   then based on the data accumulated the network will be
optimized...


Statistics will be grabbed on
link utilization -  to see if the link needs upgrading
CPU utilization -  to see if the device will need upgrading
interface utilization - to see traffic patterns

Cisco Works can centralize configuration changes.

FCAPS is the acronym for this chapter.
Fault management
Configuration management
Accounting Management
Performance management
Security management

This is all done using.
NMS - Network management Systems.  This is not a product but a framework for Network management.
In order to run this management the NMS will need.

Network management protocols and standards.  - These will be SNMP, RMON,

The NMS will manage devices  -  these will be the     "managed devices"

Inside each device that is being managed there will be a diplomat a "Management Agent".
Snmp Agent
RMON Agent








Netflow can be used instead of RMON.
Syslog can accumulate data from all the devices instead of storing the logs/data locally on each.



SNMP RFC1157
Runs over UDP.

The data in each device is stored in it.
The storage is arranged in a  TRee format.
MIB.
The MIB can be queried for the data in the cell/branch by referencing its locations
either by name  or number.

Name
Syntax   - interger or string
Encoding

Normal Tree would give you basic data like the interface packets.
Cisco has some "private" MIB which will give you the small, med , larg packets.


SNMPv1
Request and Respond mainly.
Get request -        let's see get CPU usage              -  (get response 60%)

Get Request    -     let's see get route table                  -(get response 10.0.0.0/24 next-hop 15.15.15.1)
Get Next  Request                                                    -  get response 20.0.0.0/24 next-hop 16.16.16.1) 

when the agent   responds    to the   requests    he will send a      Get response 

okay so far we have been reading the fields
Set Request   -      will enable you to write to a field.     set request mib3.3.3.4.5  contactname Saar
pretty useless, I can't find any real implementations of this.

Trap -   this is a setting on the agent.  When a certain item on the device happens it will try to send an
alert about it to the NMS.
For example on linkdown  send   to NMS.



SNMPv2
added getbulk       that way you don't have to repeat the getnext requests
added inform request        basically an improved trap  with Confirmation.


SNMPv3
This one finally adds  Security.
noAuthnoPriv     no authentication at all    and   no privacy  (which means no encryption)
authNoPriv         ok, authentication is ok    but no privacy. (no encryption)
AuthPriv         authentication and Privacy.
Great!!!!

Authentication is MDAC
Encryption is   DES, 3DES, AES


RMON
Network Nodes are needed for this.
Can't avoid it.
They are expensive. I think the leader in this is  NetScout.
Looks at MAC Layer 2 data.

RMONv1  grabs data from the Layer 1-2
RMONv2  grabs it from the layer 3-7

Netflow is a higher level of the above.
It grabs.
Accounting is the data grabbing
Collectors  will grab the data physically.
Analazyers will give you the reporting and GUI for this.

The netflows can be used for billing.
Network planning
Planning for user actions
or Application actions.


CDP
this is a Cisco protocol.
Cisco Discovery Protoocl.
It is helpful for troubleshooting
It runs on Layer 2 level.

syslog allows you to get information from multiple sources.
You can accumulate it all on the Syslog device and then use that to get data.
The levels go from the lowest
Which is the most critical.
0  Emergency
to 6 infomrational
7 debug

Voice and Video

PSTN is circuit switched. Which means that the circuit is built and used for the entire
connection. There is no switching done while the circuit is alive.
CO central office use  SS7  in order to route and build the circuit.

The call can be build on Dialup  ,  ISDN ,  or a TDM.
Each call is 64 kbps of bandwidth and is called a DS0
DS0=64 Kbps.

Old PBXs sit in the enterprise and will give you.
Extension dialing.
VoiceMail
transfers
conferencing

To connect to another site a company can set up a TIE line .
On the TIE line there are no charges to the enterprise.
However the TIE line itself costs money.

Alright, on net    which is on the TIE lines.
Off NET   to the PSTN.

This will be the same even in VOIP.
If you are using T1's you will call it On-Net
If you are having a call over the internet   it will be  off-net

PSTN requires you paying charges per each call.
While a Tie line has a fixed monthly cost.

T1 can carry only 24 calls.
24 * 64 =  1280  256    =   1536 Kbps

Now in most books they say T1 is 1.544 Mbps .
So where are the missing  8   bps.
Apparently those are used by the telco for synchronization.

So 23 B channels  + 1 D channel = 24 Channel     then you need to add 8 Kbps for synchronization.

In the case of Telco. This is ALL used for calls and cannot be used for Data.


Ok.
CO - central office.

This is a map of all the CO (central office) in the USA.
Notice how the west coast has less per mile.

So I drew this up. Since the CCDA one in the book looks pretty useless.

So Tie line is what I buy so I can connect two offices and not pay toll.

Tandem Trunk is what the PSTN provider uses to connect local CO (local exchanges is the correcter term)
Tandem trunks go to a Tandem Switch (class 4)

They will connect to a Class 3 switch   which will connect to another Class 3.
Technically if you want to dial abroad then you need to reach a Class 1 switch.
Anyway from Switch 3 to Switch 3   it is and  INTER TOLL trunk.

Co to PBX and PBX to Co  is just the connection to the CO from the office.

As a note. When you dial in NY. you only need to dial 7 digits since it uses the TANDEM trunks.
When you dial to boston you need the FULL number. it goes on the TOll trunk.


Okay
FXS
Foreign Exchange Service.
We are Exchanging - ie TALKING

In VOIP you will use the same ports to connect OLD equipment to your VOIP network.
Like the ATA from Cisco gives you two FXS ports for the old devices.

So FXS ports
provide Dial tone
Power
Ring Voltage.

Now
FXO is the port that
Ah fuck it.
Just try this.

FXS  point to the STATION.
FXO   points to the    central Office.

So on the phone you have an FXO port
you plug the cable to the FXS port on the PBX
The PBX has an FXO port
that you will plug a cable from the FXO port  
to the FXS jack  which is the POTS circuit to the Central OFFICE.



E&M ear and mouth   -  Earth and Magnet.
This is basically a PORT on a PBX.  you run an Analog cable which will run to another PORT on PBX2
This allows you to send a signal. This is a TIE trunk for analog.

This has been replaced by BRI PRI digital.

Since we use T1/E1
T1 has 24 channels. It can work either.
CAS   Channel associated Signalling  - The signalling here is in each channel
In each channel a bit will be robbed for signalling.    So 24 channels.

CCS  - common channel signalling -  This uses one channel for signalling so  23B+D
ISDN uses this   and so does SS7



Signalling the state of the phone.
Supervisory signalling tell if it is on hook or off hook
Addressing   sends the digits.
Informational      sends you the BUSY

Loop start   - residential  CO  to Phone.   When you lift the handset the circuit is closed.

Ground Start - CO to phone    signals to the switch that it is about to take the line.
                       helps prevent glaring  which is when both take the line at the same time.

E&M -  PBX to PBX     Two wire - four wire   adds more signalling

CAS T1   occurs  in band

CSS T1   sets up a separate channel for the signalling

QSig   Q.931   used for ISDN  between PBX to PBX  and Hybrid to CUCM

SS7     inter PSTN switches signalling     used by the PhoneProvider.


Loop Start
the CO has the Power  48 DC.
That is why a phone does not need electricity.
When you lift the handset   the circuit is closed  (off hook)   and the power flows all the way to
the phone and back to the CO  which sends a dial tone.

Ground Start.
Uses TIP and RING
The PBX has a TIP detector
When the CO grounds the TIP
the PBX detects this   and will ground the RING.
Now the CO power 48DC  can flow and the arrival of the  48 DC will signal to the CO to send Dial tone.

If the PBX wants to ring.
It will ground the RING  which will be detected by the CO.
The CO will ground the TIP
Now the CO power 48 can flow and when it reaches the CO it send Dial tone


E&M
type I and type II    are in the USA
type  III     is everywhere.
Type V   is outside the USA.

Immediate start  wait 200ms  and send

Wink -   wait for on hook from other side   and then sends.

Delay start -  lift    wait for 200ms  check if on hook.  if still off-hook  then wait till on-hook.

on hook means


Off- hook means




SS7 signalling

So
Best I can do   STP  would be internal.
SCP  for control - controls  800-900 and credit cards


Sending the Dialing Numbers
Pulse - rotary  -  sends 5 signals 1 1 1 1 1  = 5
DTMF  - sends Two tones at the same time.   X+Y =  5

NANP
North American  - numbering plan

country-area-office-line
nxx-nxx-xxx-xxxx

Centrex - the CO has the PBX
VoiceMail -
Database or   CDR   keeps data on the calls.  You can get reports.
IVR - interactive     for accounting press 5   for Jamil press 2
ACD -  used for call centers  - how long the calls + statistics.


Grade of service.
P.02  GOS   =  means   2% of calls   won't make it
P.01  GOS   - means  1%  won't make it and will be blocked.


Earlang B.
You have 24 channels
if one is taken for a whole hour =  1 Earlang.
You measure it at the busy hours.

30 calls *  10 minute per call  =  300 minutes       300/60 =  5 Earlangs.

So you run Earlang with the GOS  to calculate the number of lines you need.

Earlang B   extended
Same thing but takes into account some people will retry to call.

Earlang  C
Same thing  but instead of blocking calls  will put them on HOLD.
Used for C   callcenter.


Call second = 1 second of calls.
Centrum = cent 100   seconds
1 Centrum  * 36    =     1 Earlng


Busy Hour  also called Peak Hour

Busy Hour traffic.
average call duration   (20 minutes)     *   number of calls  (6)  =  120 minutes/60  =  2 Earlangs.


If you have the length of the calls in seconds.
Then you need to divide it in seconds. So instead of 60 minutes you use 3600 seconds.

So an example.
each call is 300 seconds * 400 calls =  120,000 seconds  /  3600 seconds  =  33.333 earlangs.

Eventually you will have blocked calls.  They are the GOS you plan for.

CDR
call detail records    done by the PBX


ACD   distributes calls to agents.




Cisco Unified Network

Network is at the base.
Call routing done by the CUCM / SRST dial plans and PST gateway
Call Control  on off  to the LDAP
Applications and services  like chat or voicemail   or contact center
Operations and Service Quality

VoFR  - over frame relay
VoATM - over ATM

VOIP is now the leader.
Voice over IP.

PSTN is not flexible
Data networks are
You can also save money by adding it all on the DATA network.

SRST - backup goes to PSTN . Overflow of traffic goes to PSTN.

Cisco IPT  IP  telephony.

Network is the base.

Gateways convert from VOIP to analog
CUCM is the brains of the dial plan  and routers VOIP

Single Site - one CUCM at HQ
Multi site CENTRALIZED      -  CUCM at HQ    and   SRST at branches
Multi site Distributed    -      CUCM at each location  .

In a multi-site distributed.
Each Cluster up to 30000 users.
To connect clusters use    Inter-cluster trunk
GateKeepers will keep them in sync  and enforce   CAC

CAC is call access control. Which prevents too many calls on the line. So the call quality is kept up.


Call manager express is one appliance that does the mailbox, pstn and voip


Video
Telepresence  which is the Cisco Video conferencing   is many to many and takes   4-12 Mbps  HD
Desktop Video to Video -   many to many     less demand
cameras to hq -   many to few    many cameras send data to few(hq)
Streaming Video   Few  to Many    -   the VOD  to many   users.

Access for users
Transport for sending the data
Bridging for converting it.
session   provide   signalling.
Storage    store content

Codecs
G711  8000 samples per second    *  8bits per sample   64000 = 64 Kbps  =  DS0

Analog to Digital
Filter  the range you want to record.              anything above 4000hz   will be dropped
sample   the   speaking             8000 times per second
Digitize   it into  0 1 01 1 01010 1       also called PCM  pulse to Code modulation

G711 U   for USA                  64 Kbps
G711  a    for international    64Kbps

G729 8 kbps

G728 16 Kbps

G726 16-40 Kbps

G723.1   6.3  5.3 Kbps

711 is the best   then   729     728    726   723.
If you have the bandwidth keep it at 711
if you want to compress and not lose quality  729

Call control
Q931 for ISDN
H225 for the rest.
This is done over the TCP

UDP
G7xx is the Audio over UDP
H.26x   H  for Hvideo
or RTP  real time Protocol   does them both.

RTCP is control of the Video/audio
RAS  is control

SCCP Cisco proprietary VOIP call cotrol..... IT only sets up the Control
RTP for voip streaming.             this is the actual data call stream.

MGCP media Gateway Control Protocol
The HQ Gateway controls everything.

SIP - voip networks for non-cisco proprietary.

IP = 20 bytes
UDP = 8 bytes
RTP = 12 bytes  

cRTP compresses  the 40 Bytes  to 2-4 Bytes
Hop by Hop for small 768 kbps links


MGCP allows the CUCM to control Gateways that go to PSTN
the CUCM is the Call agent    endpoints are the phones.


H.323
Terminals are the clients
MCU mixes streams
Gateway converts to PSTn
Gatekeeper   - Dial plan  + CAC   used for multisite distributed CUCM

Gatekeeper works like a OSPF DR and holds the Dial plan.

SIP proxy manages the SIP clients

VAD supresses silence


Propagation delay   is the travel time.
Processing delay   is the time to convert it to digital
Serailization   is how long to put it on the interface.    -

Queuing delay is waiting ebcause of other packets.   - LFI  and QoS helps
Jitter is the change in the delays            - use dejitter buffers

Echo delay of 15ms and above must be cancelled.


Classify   MATCH
Mark it with the color    THEN
Congestion avoidance  by using  WRED  or DWRED  to drop tails.
Traffic Policing  
Traffic Shaping  by buffering and releasing slowly.

AUTO-QoS
Marks
does 802.1Q
LLQ
CBWFQ for control traffic







P>S.
VOICE sucks.
Wait till you have to use the Cisco tools to sell someone a Callmanager.

IPv4

IPv4

Version
0100  = 4  so IPv4
0110 = 6  so IPv6

IHL  internet header length.
How long is it in Bytes   (IPv4 changes size) (IPv6 is fixed)

TOS  Type of service   which is your QoS  DSCP coloring marking.

Total Length  of the packet including the data. Useful for determining if you need to fragment the packet

Identification  -  identifies the Fragments.

Flags
0  Fragment
1  do not fragment

Fragment offset    this is fragment 1 of 40

TTL   time to live    each hop cuts 1

protocol      8 bits   used by IANA
1  ICMP    (ping)
2  IGMP  (multicast)
6    TCP
17    UDP
50   ESP
51   AH
88   EIGRp
89   OSPF
103  PIM   (multicast)
112   VRRP

Header Checksum   - used to see if the packet is still ok after transport. Changes every header change.

Source address 32 bits
Destination address 32 bits

IP options   not in use.  Used for security , route record and similar.

Padding   so the packet ends on a 32 bit  boundary.



TOS
used for the QoS.

Voip is 101
nothing is 000
PIFFCIN    priority imediate flash flash Critical in network

TOS itself is 4 bits.
It can be used to select a route based on.

Money
reliable
throughput
delay

Assured Forwarding (AF) Behavior Group

	Class 1 (lowest)	Class 2	Class 3	Class 4 (highest)
Low Drop	AF11 (DSCP 10)	AF21 (DSCP 18)	AF31 (DSCP 26)	AF41 (DSCP 34)
Med Drop	AF12 (DSCP 12)	AF22 (DSCP 20)	AF32 (DSCP 28)	AF42 (DSCP 36)
High Drop	AF13 (DSCP 14)	AF23 (DSCP 22)	AF33 (DSCP 30)	AF43 (DSCP 38)

With DSCP they dropped the TOS which nobody used.
The way it works now is Class 4 will have a higher priority.
and if there is congestion the high Drop will be dropped first.


Precedence               AF  1           AF 2       AF 3         AF  4
Low drop precedence 001010 010010 011010 100010
Medium drop precedence 001100 010100 011100 100100
High drop precedence 001110 010110 011110 100110

So a 1 at the beginning is better.  1xx
A 010 will not be dropped.

MTU ethernet 1518
LAN jumbo frames
TCp will retransmit
UDP wont'

Class A 0xxxxxxx   so 0 to 127
Class B  1xxxxxxx   so 128 to 191
Class C  11xxxxx    so 192 223
class D   111xxxxx  so 224 239        multicast
Class E   1111xxxx   so  240 to 255   experimental.

Unicast
Broadcast
Multicast

Private are not routed  10/8  172.16/12     192.168/16
1 class A    16 Class B    256  Class C

You can subnet the addresses above.

Static nat is ONE to ONE   private to Public.

Dynamic  NAT   overloading    is PAT  port Address translation.
Dynamic Overloading    is an internal pool  to an external one.

Inside Local  is the IP of my PC.
Inside Global  is     the Public IP   I get on the web

Outside Global   is the IP of a device on the WWW.
Outside  Local    is    his IP when he is in my STUB/LAN



BOOTP
get IP and gateway  using UDP  replaced

DHCP
Manual is to map a MAC to an IP address.
Automatic    does not expire
Dynamic is from a Pool and expires.

DHCPDiscover.
Router can relay this
DHCP Offer
DHCP request
DHCP acknowledge

DHCPNAK  not acknowledge I am out of addresses.

DHCP should be in the server farm  / datacenter

Internal DNS campus
Edge External
remote datacenter   BOTH



ARP

IPV6

128 Bits instead of 32 bits per address.
Each IP is globally unique
Header is fixed at 40 Bytes
Header will reference options   so it is a fixed size.
Addresses can autoconfigure if required.
IPSEC is built in
MTU discovery
Multiple IPv6 addresses
No broadcast replaced by multicast

Version 0110   IPV6  = 6
Traffic class  8 bits   = TOS
Flow 20 bits    for ordering the flow.
Next Header   to add more
Hop limit  = TTL
source
destination

6
17 udp
50 esp
51 ah
88 eigrp
89 opsf

ipv4 compatible  000000000x.x.x.x

FF multicast
FE  link local
FC  private addressing

Global is routable
64 bits netowrk    64  bits host  (made up from the MAC 48 bits)

To convert a MAC 48 to 64  you add  two  FF FF   in the middle.


FE  is link local can be auto configured

FC  is private addressing    Unique

Globally aggregetable  = aggregate of the IPV6

Anycast is to the nearest.

FF:01 1  all nodes
FF: 01 2  all routers
FF:02  5  OSPF
FF:02 6  OSPF designated
FF:02  9   RIPnG
FF:02 A   EIGRP
FF:02 C   DHCP

ICMPv6 discovers MTu

IPv6  ND  neighbor discovery

IPv6 DNS   AAAAAAAAAAAA
Use the same DNS server.

Stateless link local
Stateless global
Stateful DHCP


Global
Talk to router and gets the prefix
Prefix  +  MAC = address

EIGRP  for  IPv6
RIPnG
OSPFv3
BGP4
ISIS for   IPv6

Dual Stack is both IPv4 and IPv6
Tunneling  IPv6  into an IPv4 tunnel
Translate   IPv6 to IPv4

Dual Stack  - if DNS sends AAAAA it uses IPv6

Automatic Tunnel
IPv4 compatible
6 to 4   the destination has an IPV4 in it    which is used as the tunnel envelope
6 over 4   Multicast over Multicast

ISATAP - Greek, Chinese

Daul stack can use PAT  or NAT-PT

Ciscio 6PE over MPLS

Service Block service the translations.

WAN design

Circuit Switching -  the circuit comes up for the duration. Phone and ISDN
leased lines - dedicated to you by the service provider   TDM  T1
Packet and Cell -  Frame and ATM

Hub and spoke to the HQ. However if the router at HQ fails all are affected.
Full mesh  -  expensive to maintain. N(N-1)/2
Partial Mesh -  flexible to where you want it.

VPN over public networks is  limited to a Best effort as you cannot control the traffic in the ISP

Access VPN for users-    You can also use a NAC to connect to first which will then set up the VPN
The NAC is a public facing device Portal where you http to it and then type a user password.

Intranet VPN  -  this is from site to site. Using public or WAN.

Extranet VPN  is   for business partners so they can access the DMZ


Enterprise VPN is when you set it up.
IPSEC is one VPN  usually from firewall to firewall.
It can use ESP  to encrypt the data    or   AH  which only encrypts the headers (not secure for data)
HMAC codes in it will protect from man in the middle attacks and replay.
You can also use PKI  certificates for an added layer.

Cisco Easy VPN - you set up a server which is the head.   Then the remote configuration is easy.
                           the remote devices are ISRs.

GRE - works for encapsulation all protocols. Does not have any security.
           you must add IPSEC tunnel to it in order to have security.

DMVPN  - dynamic VPN
                   NHRP  next hop resolution protocol     which will point to the HQ.
                    mGRE   Multipoint GRE   supports multipoint tunnels.
                   IP multicast  , routing   , dynamic spokes  all QoS
Each remote site is connected using a GRE tunnel to the HQ.
For redundancy you will need two heads.
DPD dead peer detection can be used to verify tunnel is alive  (keepalive)


VTI virtual tunnel interface
Can run routing  , does not need GRE or mGRE.

L2tpv3
can run frame relay and ppp  ethernet

Service provider VPN.
Can run MetroEthernet

VPLS is a VPN  over MPLS
it allows you to run Layer 2  from one location to the next.
Useful for Storage redundancy for example.

MPLS
Uses Labels instead of routing  and can run over a variety of media.
Uses VRF

Layer 3 MPLS  Tight SLA and QoS.

VPNs are flexible and cost effective.

Dial Backup used for ISDN  so it will ring a floating route.

Secondary WAN link  - backup  or load sharing.

Shadow PVC  - used in frame relay.

IPSEC VPN backup tunnel can be used in case the ISP MAN fails.

Load balancing.
Cna be per packet. usually 56kbps or below.
Per flow or destination is better. also called fast switching.

Decision influence.
High Availability - backup power, backup devices, backup WAN
Growth
Expenses -
Complexity -  Metro is easier.
Cost to implement -
Network Segmentation to separate traffic.
Voice and Video QoS.

Private WAN - Frame relay and ATM . You own lease the circuit
ISP WAN - basically the internet
SP MPLS/IP VPN -   they are good
Private WAN with MPLS -  jeez hiring some CCIE's to maintain it is expensive.

considerations
Port Density
Port Type
Modular
throughput
REdundancy   / Supervisor or power
Future growth

Software
Bandwidth
Security

ISR can do wan video , voice, security
800 ISR  remote user
1800 ISR  branch
7200 - 10000  medium routing
7600  high end routing
12000 CSR - service provider grade.
29xx  35xx 37xx  are access switches.
45xx  chassis
65xx  high end chassis.

Router - WAN
Switch LAN
Security appliance  at the branch
AP wireless for mobility
CUCM   for voice
IP phones and desktops

Small office  50 users  1 TIER
medium office 50-100  2 tier
Large 100 +     3 tier

ISR G2 is better

Small can use an ISR with ports  or one switch.

Medium branch  redundant routers.
Switches with Stacking.

Large Branch
Dual links
Dual routers
Dual ASA
Dual switches with stacking.

ISR 800 for teleworker.

WAN technologies

WAN

Requirements are
SLA
bandwidth
latency
loss

Cost
utilization.

Goals and policies
Applications and growth
budget


ISDN
BRI  - 128kbps
PRI  is 1.54 Mbps   like a T1.

DSL  mainly Async DSL

Cable   Cable Modem Termination System   CMTS

Wireless
Bridge is    point ot point
LAN  is   150 - 300 Mbps max
MObile     GSM ,      GPRS ,,    UMTS   3G    ,  LTE


FrameRelay.
PVC  permanent
SVC   switched just for the duration.

Sonet Circuit baed.
OC 1   51
OC 3  155
OC 12
OC 48

MPLS
Goal is to use labels instead of routing tables.
CE--> PE-->  P __> p  --> PE-->  CE

Dark Fiber is Point to Point

DWDM runs on the SONET and increases the ability to split ligh Lambdas.


CIR Commited infra
Burst  above

Same PPDIOO
Prepare
plan Desgin
implement operate
optimize.

Voice 250 ms
Video can afford to lose some pakcets    voice CAN'T

Private    Dark Fiber
Leased    TDM sonet
Shared    MPLS    framerelay.

Fixed cost  equipment and setup
recurring  are the monthly charges.

QoS
classify it based on protocol   or   a matching ACL.

Classification orr coloring.
Congestion management
Link Efficiecy    for low speed  to reduce latency and jitter
traffic shaping      use    ingress and egress flows.

Classification.
Identify and mark.  = classification
NBAR  can use layer 7 to recognize applications and then label them with a priority.
CAR    commited access rate. -- Basically match a traffic and then apply a priority

Congestion management
FIFO  first in first out
PQ  priority queiuing    sets up 4 levels.
     however   LEVEL High must be emptied before any of the other three are allowed.
     So if you have too much traffic at level High ,  the other traffic will suffer badly.

Custom Queuing      16  Queues, you can set up the queue limit.
                                  so when it is full.  The other queus get serviced.

WFQ   -  this is for interfaces below 2.0 Mbps .
               it creates two queues   -  high bandwidth.   low bandwidth.
              low gets service first.

Class Based Weighted Fair Queiuing.
SAme as WFQ   but you can use access list   and it is modular.


LLQ
Low Latency Queuing.
Basically  class based weighted fair queuing   +    PQ.
So voice EF gets serviced first         +   there is a limit on it.


Traffic Shaping.
Slowing down traffic so the utilization is high but consistent.
helps to curb    bursts into longer flows.


Policing.
Dropping traffic that passes a limit.




'Link Efficiency.
LFI   link fragmentation and interleaving   -   breaks up large packet flows and puts   small voip in between
MLP  multilink PPP     bonds links    like 2*T1
RTP   real time transport.    Compress the RTP   header from 40 bytes   to  2-5 Bytes.

Window Size.
Extend the Window size to allow more data in before you have to send an acknowledge.

Wireless LAN

802.11 1mbps  2mbps   dsss
FHSS  frequency hop will hop from 1 to 2 so doubles the bandwidth.

802.11b 11mbps  uses 11 channels

802.11a  54 Mbps    13 channels on UNII   not compatible with 802.11b


802.11g  54 Mbps  ISM  compatible with 802.11b

802.11N  can run on both  600 mbps   MIMO multiple in multiple out  and OFDM to send the data.


ISM  uses 900 2.4  and 5.5    only 2.4 is used for  802.11b g n

UNI uses  5.0 ghz    and is for 802.11a  and 802.11n

1 6 11 do not overlap.


SSID is used, this is similar to a VLAN to segment the networks.
CSMA /CA   collision avoidance.

WEP is insecure
WPA allows you to add security 802.1x  and AES

MAC adresses can be spoofed.

EAP-FASt  Flexible authentication can be used for the connection.
VPN IPSEC can be used to segment the traffic to the HQ.

802.1x uses EAP  and Radius to verify your access.

LEAP uses a radius and 802.1x
Cisco

IDS and firewall to control the traffic.

Cisco UWN unified wireless network.
Client devices  laptop
accesspoints    cisco AP
Network unification like QoS    IPS   RF management   all of this is done by the controllers.
network management      can be done using the WCS server
Mobility services  like   guest  ,   Voice   , threat detect.

benefits.
reduce TCO
enhance visibility
manage the RF    (cleanAir)
Security   Controller
Unify the wire and wired-less
enhance collaboration.


LWAPP is what the APs use in order to connect to the controller.
AP  to WLC  
Layer 2 LWAPP  controller must be on the same subnet      Ethertype 0xbbbb
Layer 3  LWAPP   controller can be on a different subnet.   12222  12223

12222  data   12223 control


CAPWAP is the newer one.
Uses AES to secure the com
MTU discovery
Control  5246
data  5247    so the opposite

Split MAC  - Lwapp
the AP does
Beacon 802.11
802.11 control
802.11e   queue and piroritization
802.11i  encryption

The Controller does.
802.11i  security
802.11  mac management
802.11e   reserve resources.


Local MAC -  CAPWAP
802.11 MAC management    so the AP does this instead of the controller.

Controller can also proxy.


AP modes
Local Mode - the usual
Hybrid - it will reside across the WAN H-REAP
Monitor  - cycle every 60 and do not participate. Used for IDS. Location based.
Rogue Detector -  sits on the Trunk and checks if there is a rogue device
Sniffer mode- captures packets and sends them to a Sniffer   Airopeak.

Rogue detector gets a list of MACs they hear from other devices.
If that MAC is on the WLC then the rogue detector will let you know.


Bridge mode is for MESH


Connection Lwapp.
Send Lwapp Discovery.
1. local subnet
2. Get WLC from other AP
3. previously stored  WLC address.
4. DHCP option 43
5.  DNS  CISCO_LWAPP_CONTROLLER.local.domain.

WLC will answer
AP gets list of WLCs
Selects AP
1. Previously configured.
2. Master
3. most available.
AP to WLC join

Capwap
does capwap
no response 60 seconds  does LWAPP
no response start again.

First
Second
Tertiary
Master
most available.

Supplicant is the client.
WLC is the authenticator
Radius is the Authenticating server.

To WLC is capwap
from WLC to Radius  is EAP  extensible authentication protocol.


EAP- TLS    public key.
EAP - TTLS   certificate only on the server.
PEAP -   Cisco + mschap.
LEAP - Cisco plus the CCX extensions.
EAP-FAST  build a tls tunnel


WLAN is an SSID
Interface   maps the VLAN to the SSID
port is a port.

A port goes to the switch
you can use many ports and etherchannel them.


Management interface. - Used for L2 Lwapp.  Connection to radius.  In-band management
Service port  -  used for out of band management. Statically configured.
AP manager -  L3 discovery   static
Dynamic interface    -  is to map the VLAN to WLAn
Virtual interface   - DHCP relay , mobility

1	Redundant port for future use (RJ-45)	6	SFP distribution system ports 1-8
2	Service port (RJ-45)	7	Management port LEDs
3	Console port (RJ-45)	8	SFP distribution port Link and Activity LEDs
4	USB ports 0 and 1 (Type A)	9	Power supply (PS1 and PS2), System (SYS), and Alarm (ALM) LEDs

So port 2 is a physical port.
You configure it as the SERVICE port.   It is for out-of band management.

Ports 8 can be aggregated LAGed  and will go to a switch.

Sorry, best I can do.
Service Port.  is a totally separate port  for out of band servicing.

Management port is the in band  and old Layer 2 LWAPP.

AP manager   is for Layer 3 LWAPP.

Dynamic ones are for each VLAN WLAN they will change dynamically.

Virtual is to connect to another WLC  and transfer mobility. So you can ROAM from room to room or building.



2100  25
ISR   25.
So far easy.

3750 Switch with contorller built in  50

4400   100

6500 WLC module   300

5500   500

Intracontroller
ie  the same controller.
So no chaneg except you moved IPs.

Inter controller   Layer 2.
From one controller to the next
Just moves the MAC from WLC1 to WLC2   database.
A mobility message updates the controller.


Inter controller Layer 3.
From one IP subnet to another.
WLC 2 Creates a shortcut. An ANCHOR and tunnels the data back to WLC1.


Mobility group will create the anchor and tunnel.
Up to 24 WLC s
UDP 16666 unencrypted
UDP 16667  encrypted.

Minimize intercontroller roaming.
less than 10 ms
Layer 2 is better

Detrministic redundancy
Primary secondary tertiary.

Dynamic
Easy and load balance.

N+1   one controller is backup

N+N   same number of controllers as the ones you have deployed.

N +N + 1   same number  of controllers as you have  + tertiary as spare.


Limit to 20 users
7 voWLAN

RRM radio resource management
Adjust RSSI
balance the clients

RF group is a group of WLC that sync their RRM
80 signal will elect a master to set up the strenght
Neighbor messages

EoIP for guests
All the guest traffic goes to one WLC.  an anchor WLC.


Mesh
RAP is Root
MAP is not connected to the wire

Four hops   max of 8
throughput drops every hop by 50%

20 MAP per RAP  max of 30

1100 internal 3500i  internal
1200 3500E  external


branch
300 ms or less
use H-REAP for WAN

LOCAL mac
allows you to work even if the WAN is down.


REAP
extends lwapp timers.
Layer 2 security limit


H-REAP
Allows NAT