Exam

Well,

failed by 1 questions.
I guess I'll take again in a few months.

Questions were very poorly worded but what can you do.

Network management

Alright last big chapter.

Network management is done at the last two stages.
Operate,   then based on the data accumulated the network will be
optimized...


Statistics will be grabbed on
link utilization -  to see if the link needs upgrading
CPU utilization -  to see if the device will need upgrading
interface utilization - to see traffic patterns

Cisco Works can centralize configuration changes.

FCAPS is the acronym for this chapter.
Fault management
Configuration management
Accounting Management
Performance management
Security management

This is all done using.
NMS - Network management Systems.  This is not a product but a framework for Network management.
In order to run this management the NMS will need.

Network management protocols and standards.  - These will be SNMP, RMON,

The NMS will manage devices  -  these will be the     "managed devices"

Inside each device that is being managed there will be a diplomat a "Management Agent".
Snmp Agent
RMON Agent








Netflow can be used instead of RMON.
Syslog can accumulate data from all the devices instead of storing the logs/data locally on each.



SNMP RFC1157
Runs over UDP.

The data in each device is stored in it.
The storage is arranged in a  TRee format.
MIB.
The MIB can be queried for the data in the cell/branch by referencing its locations
either by name  or number.

Name
Syntax   - interger or string
Encoding

Normal Tree would give you basic data like the interface packets.
Cisco has some "private" MIB which will give you the small, med , larg packets.


SNMPv1
Request and Respond mainly.
Get request -        let's see get CPU usage              -  (get response 60%)

Get Request    -     let's see get route table                  -(get response 10.0.0.0/24 next-hop 15.15.15.1)
Get Next  Request                                                    -  get response 20.0.0.0/24 next-hop 16.16.16.1) 

when the agent   responds    to the   requests    he will send a      Get response 

okay so far we have been reading the fields
Set Request   -      will enable you to write to a field.     set request mib3.3.3.4.5  contactname Saar
pretty useless, I can't find any real implementations of this.

Trap -   this is a setting on the agent.  When a certain item on the device happens it will try to send an
alert about it to the NMS.
For example on linkdown  send   to NMS.



SNMPv2
added getbulk       that way you don't have to repeat the getnext requests
added inform request        basically an improved trap  with Confirmation.


SNMPv3
This one finally adds  Security.
noAuthnoPriv     no authentication at all    and   no privacy  (which means no encryption)
authNoPriv         ok, authentication is ok    but no privacy. (no encryption)
AuthPriv         authentication and Privacy.
Great!!!!

Authentication is MDAC
Encryption is   DES, 3DES, AES


RMON
Network Nodes are needed for this.
Can't avoid it.
They are expensive. I think the leader in this is  NetScout.
Looks at MAC Layer 2 data.

RMONv1  grabs data from the Layer 1-2
RMONv2  grabs it from the layer 3-7

Netflow is a higher level of the above.
It grabs.
Accounting is the data grabbing
Collectors  will grab the data physically.
Analazyers will give you the reporting and GUI for this.

The netflows can be used for billing.
Network planning
Planning for user actions
or Application actions.


CDP
this is a Cisco protocol.
Cisco Discovery Protoocl.
It is helpful for troubleshooting
It runs on Layer 2 level.

syslog allows you to get information from multiple sources.
You can accumulate it all on the Syslog device and then use that to get data.
The levels go from the lowest
Which is the most critical.
0  Emergency
to 6 infomrational
7 debug

Voice and Video

PSTN is circuit switched. Which means that the circuit is built and used for the entire
connection. There is no switching done while the circuit is alive.
CO central office use  SS7  in order to route and build the circuit.

The call can be build on Dialup  ,  ISDN ,  or a TDM.
Each call is 64 kbps of bandwidth and is called a DS0
DS0=64 Kbps.

Old PBXs sit in the enterprise and will give you.
Extension dialing.
VoiceMail
transfers
conferencing

To connect to another site a company can set up a TIE line .
On the TIE line there are no charges to the enterprise.
However the TIE line itself costs money.

Alright, on net    which is on the TIE lines.
Off NET   to the PSTN.

This will be the same even in VOIP.
If you are using T1's you will call it On-Net
If you are having a call over the internet   it will be  off-net

PSTN requires you paying charges per each call.
While a Tie line has a fixed monthly cost.

T1 can carry only 24 calls.
24 * 64 =  1280  256    =   1536 Kbps

Now in most books they say T1 is 1.544 Mbps .
So where are the missing  8   bps.
Apparently those are used by the telco for synchronization.

So 23 B channels  + 1 D channel = 24 Channel     then you need to add 8 Kbps for synchronization.

In the case of Telco. This is ALL used for calls and cannot be used for Data.


Ok.
CO - central office.

This is a map of all the CO (central office) in the USA.
Notice how the west coast has less per mile.

So I drew this up. Since the CCDA one in the book looks pretty useless.

So Tie line is what I buy so I can connect two offices and not pay toll.

Tandem Trunk is what the PSTN provider uses to connect local CO (local exchanges is the correcter term)
Tandem trunks go to a Tandem Switch (class 4)

They will connect to a Class 3 switch   which will connect to another Class 3.
Technically if you want to dial abroad then you need to reach a Class 1 switch.
Anyway from Switch 3 to Switch 3   it is and  INTER TOLL trunk.

Co to PBX and PBX to Co  is just the connection to the CO from the office.

As a note. When you dial in NY. you only need to dial 7 digits since it uses the TANDEM trunks.
When you dial to boston you need the FULL number. it goes on the TOll trunk.


Okay
FXS
Foreign Exchange Service.
We are Exchanging - ie TALKING

In VOIP you will use the same ports to connect OLD equipment to your VOIP network.
Like the ATA from Cisco gives you two FXS ports for the old devices.

So FXS ports
provide Dial tone
Power
Ring Voltage.

Now
FXO is the port that
Ah fuck it.
Just try this.

FXS  point to the STATION.
FXO   points to the    central Office.

So on the phone you have an FXO port
you plug the cable to the FXS port on the PBX
The PBX has an FXO port
that you will plug a cable from the FXO port  
to the FXS jack  which is the POTS circuit to the Central OFFICE.



E&M ear and mouth   -  Earth and Magnet.
This is basically a PORT on a PBX.  you run an Analog cable which will run to another PORT on PBX2
This allows you to send a signal. This is a TIE trunk for analog.

This has been replaced by BRI PRI digital.

Since we use T1/E1
T1 has 24 channels. It can work either.
CAS   Channel associated Signalling  - The signalling here is in each channel
In each channel a bit will be robbed for signalling.    So 24 channels.

CCS  - common channel signalling -  This uses one channel for signalling so  23B+D
ISDN uses this   and so does SS7



Signalling the state of the phone.
Supervisory signalling tell if it is on hook or off hook
Addressing   sends the digits.
Informational      sends you the BUSY

Loop start   - residential  CO  to Phone.   When you lift the handset the circuit is closed.

Ground Start - CO to phone    signals to the switch that it is about to take the line.
                       helps prevent glaring  which is when both take the line at the same time.

E&M -  PBX to PBX     Two wire - four wire   adds more signalling

CAS T1   occurs  in band

CSS T1   sets up a separate channel for the signalling

QSig   Q.931   used for ISDN  between PBX to PBX  and Hybrid to CUCM

SS7     inter PSTN switches signalling     used by the PhoneProvider.


Loop Start
the CO has the Power  48 DC.
That is why a phone does not need electricity.
When you lift the handset   the circuit is closed  (off hook)   and the power flows all the way to
the phone and back to the CO  which sends a dial tone.

Ground Start.
Uses TIP and RING
The PBX has a TIP detector
When the CO grounds the TIP
the PBX detects this   and will ground the RING.
Now the CO power 48DC  can flow and the arrival of the  48 DC will signal to the CO to send Dial tone.

If the PBX wants to ring.
It will ground the RING  which will be detected by the CO.
The CO will ground the TIP
Now the CO power 48 can flow and when it reaches the CO it send Dial tone


E&M
type I and type II    are in the USA
type  III     is everywhere.
Type V   is outside the USA.

Immediate start  wait 200ms  and send

Wink -   wait for on hook from other side   and then sends.

Delay start -  lift    wait for 200ms  check if on hook.  if still off-hook  then wait till on-hook.

on hook means


Off- hook means




SS7 signalling

So
Best I can do   STP  would be internal.
SCP  for control - controls  800-900 and credit cards


Sending the Dialing Numbers
Pulse - rotary  -  sends 5 signals 1 1 1 1 1  = 5
DTMF  - sends Two tones at the same time.   X+Y =  5

NANP
North American  - numbering plan

country-area-office-line
nxx-nxx-xxx-xxxx

Centrex - the CO has the PBX
VoiceMail -
Database or   CDR   keeps data on the calls.  You can get reports.
IVR - interactive     for accounting press 5   for Jamil press 2
ACD -  used for call centers  - how long the calls + statistics.


Grade of service.
P.02  GOS   =  means   2% of calls   won't make it
P.01  GOS   - means  1%  won't make it and will be blocked.


Earlang B.
You have 24 channels
if one is taken for a whole hour =  1 Earlang.
You measure it at the busy hours.

30 calls *  10 minute per call  =  300 minutes       300/60 =  5 Earlangs.

So you run Earlang with the GOS  to calculate the number of lines you need.

Earlang B   extended
Same thing but takes into account some people will retry to call.

Earlang  C
Same thing  but instead of blocking calls  will put them on HOLD.
Used for C   callcenter.


Call second = 1 second of calls.
Centrum = cent 100   seconds
1 Centrum  * 36    =     1 Earlng


Busy Hour  also called Peak Hour

Busy Hour traffic.
average call duration   (20 minutes)     *   number of calls  (6)  =  120 minutes/60  =  2 Earlangs.


If you have the length of the calls in seconds.
Then you need to divide it in seconds. So instead of 60 minutes you use 3600 seconds.

So an example.
each call is 300 seconds * 400 calls =  120,000 seconds  /  3600 seconds  =  33.333 earlangs.

Eventually you will have blocked calls.  They are the GOS you plan for.

CDR
call detail records    done by the PBX


ACD   distributes calls to agents.




Cisco Unified Network

Network is at the base.
Call routing done by the CUCM / SRST dial plans and PST gateway
Call Control  on off  to the LDAP
Applications and services  like chat or voicemail   or contact center
Operations and Service Quality

VoFR  - over frame relay
VoATM - over ATM

VOIP is now the leader.
Voice over IP.

PSTN is not flexible
Data networks are
You can also save money by adding it all on the DATA network.

SRST - backup goes to PSTN . Overflow of traffic goes to PSTN.

Cisco IPT  IP  telephony.

Network is the base.

Gateways convert from VOIP to analog
CUCM is the brains of the dial plan  and routers VOIP

Single Site - one CUCM at HQ
Multi site CENTRALIZED      -  CUCM at HQ    and   SRST at branches
Multi site Distributed    -      CUCM at each location  .

In a multi-site distributed.
Each Cluster up to 30000 users.
To connect clusters use    Inter-cluster trunk
GateKeepers will keep them in sync  and enforce   CAC

CAC is call access control. Which prevents too many calls on the line. So the call quality is kept up.


Call manager express is one appliance that does the mailbox, pstn and voip


Video
Telepresence  which is the Cisco Video conferencing   is many to many and takes   4-12 Mbps  HD
Desktop Video to Video -   many to many     less demand
cameras to hq -   many to few    many cameras send data to few(hq)
Streaming Video   Few  to Many    -   the VOD  to many   users.

Access for users
Transport for sending the data
Bridging for converting it.
session   provide   signalling.
Storage    store content

Codecs
G711  8000 samples per second    *  8bits per sample   64000 = 64 Kbps  =  DS0

Analog to Digital
Filter  the range you want to record.              anything above 4000hz   will be dropped
sample   the   speaking             8000 times per second
Digitize   it into  0 1 01 1 01010 1       also called PCM  pulse to Code modulation

G711 U   for USA                  64 Kbps
G711  a    for international    64Kbps

G729 8 kbps

G728 16 Kbps

G726 16-40 Kbps

G723.1   6.3  5.3 Kbps

711 is the best   then   729     728    726   723.
If you have the bandwidth keep it at 711
if you want to compress and not lose quality  729

Call control
Q931 for ISDN
H225 for the rest.
This is done over the TCP

UDP
G7xx is the Audio over UDP
H.26x   H  for Hvideo
or RTP  real time Protocol   does them both.

RTCP is control of the Video/audio
RAS  is control

SCCP Cisco proprietary VOIP call cotrol..... IT only sets up the Control
RTP for voip streaming.             this is the actual data call stream.

MGCP media Gateway Control Protocol
The HQ Gateway controls everything.

SIP - voip networks for non-cisco proprietary.

IP = 20 bytes
UDP = 8 bytes
RTP = 12 bytes  

cRTP compresses  the 40 Bytes  to 2-4 Bytes
Hop by Hop for small 768 kbps links


MGCP allows the CUCM to control Gateways that go to PSTN
the CUCM is the Call agent    endpoints are the phones.


H.323
Terminals are the clients
MCU mixes streams
Gateway converts to PSTn
Gatekeeper   - Dial plan  + CAC   used for multisite distributed CUCM

Gatekeeper works like a OSPF DR and holds the Dial plan.

SIP proxy manages the SIP clients

VAD supresses silence


Propagation delay   is the travel time.
Processing delay   is the time to convert it to digital
Serailization   is how long to put it on the interface.    -

Queuing delay is waiting ebcause of other packets.   - LFI  and QoS helps
Jitter is the change in the delays            - use dejitter buffers

Echo delay of 15ms and above must be cancelled.


Classify   MATCH
Mark it with the color    THEN
Congestion avoidance  by using  WRED  or DWRED  to drop tails.
Traffic Policing  
Traffic Shaping  by buffering and releasing slowly.

AUTO-QoS
Marks
does 802.1Q
LLQ
CBWFQ for control traffic







P>S.
VOICE sucks.
Wait till you have to use the Cisco tools to sell someone a Callmanager.

IPv4

IPv4

Version
0100  = 4  so IPv4
0110 = 6  so IPv6

IHL  internet header length.
How long is it in Bytes   (IPv4 changes size) (IPv6 is fixed)

TOS  Type of service   which is your QoS  DSCP coloring marking.

Total Length  of the packet including the data. Useful for determining if you need to fragment the packet

Identification  -  identifies the Fragments.

Flags
0  Fragment
1  do not fragment

Fragment offset    this is fragment 1 of 40

TTL   time to live    each hop cuts 1

protocol      8 bits   used by IANA
1  ICMP    (ping)
2  IGMP  (multicast)
6    TCP
17    UDP
50   ESP
51   AH
88   EIGRp
89   OSPF
103  PIM   (multicast)
112   VRRP

Header Checksum   - used to see if the packet is still ok after transport. Changes every header change.

Source address 32 bits
Destination address 32 bits

IP options   not in use.  Used for security , route record and similar.

Padding   so the packet ends on a 32 bit  boundary.



TOS
used for the QoS.

Voip is 101
nothing is 000
PIFFCIN    priority imediate flash flash Critical in network

TOS itself is 4 bits.
It can be used to select a route based on.

Money
reliable
throughput
delay

Assured Forwarding (AF) Behavior Group

	Class 1 (lowest)	Class 2	Class 3	Class 4 (highest)
Low Drop	AF11 (DSCP 10)	AF21 (DSCP 18)	AF31 (DSCP 26)	AF41 (DSCP 34)
Med Drop	AF12 (DSCP 12)	AF22 (DSCP 20)	AF32 (DSCP 28)	AF42 (DSCP 36)
High Drop	AF13 (DSCP 14)	AF23 (DSCP 22)	AF33 (DSCP 30)	AF43 (DSCP 38)

With DSCP they dropped the TOS which nobody used.
The way it works now is Class 4 will have a higher priority.
and if there is congestion the high Drop will be dropped first.


Precedence               AF  1           AF 2       AF 3         AF  4
Low drop precedence 001010 010010 011010 100010
Medium drop precedence 001100 010100 011100 100100
High drop precedence 001110 010110 011110 100110

So a 1 at the beginning is better.  1xx
A 010 will not be dropped.

MTU ethernet 1518
LAN jumbo frames
TCp will retransmit
UDP wont'

Class A 0xxxxxxx   so 0 to 127
Class B  1xxxxxxx   so 128 to 191
Class C  11xxxxx    so 192 223
class D   111xxxxx  so 224 239        multicast
Class E   1111xxxx   so  240 to 255   experimental.

Unicast
Broadcast
Multicast

Private are not routed  10/8  172.16/12     192.168/16
1 class A    16 Class B    256  Class C

You can subnet the addresses above.

Static nat is ONE to ONE   private to Public.

Dynamic  NAT   overloading    is PAT  port Address translation.
Dynamic Overloading    is an internal pool  to an external one.

Inside Local  is the IP of my PC.
Inside Global  is     the Public IP   I get on the web

Outside Global   is the IP of a device on the WWW.
Outside  Local    is    his IP when he is in my STUB/LAN



BOOTP
get IP and gateway  using UDP  replaced

DHCP
Manual is to map a MAC to an IP address.
Automatic    does not expire
Dynamic is from a Pool and expires.

DHCPDiscover.
Router can relay this
DHCP Offer
DHCP request
DHCP acknowledge

DHCPNAK  not acknowledge I am out of addresses.

DHCP should be in the server farm  / datacenter

Internal DNS campus
Edge External
remote datacenter   BOTH



ARP

IPV6

128 Bits instead of 32 bits per address.
Each IP is globally unique
Header is fixed at 40 Bytes
Header will reference options   so it is a fixed size.
Addresses can autoconfigure if required.
IPSEC is built in
MTU discovery
Multiple IPv6 addresses
No broadcast replaced by multicast

Version 0110   IPV6  = 6
Traffic class  8 bits   = TOS
Flow 20 bits    for ordering the flow.
Next Header   to add more
Hop limit  = TTL
source
destination

6
17 udp
50 esp
51 ah
88 eigrp
89 opsf

ipv4 compatible  000000000x.x.x.x

FF multicast
FE  link local
FC  private addressing

Global is routable
64 bits netowrk    64  bits host  (made up from the MAC 48 bits)

To convert a MAC 48 to 64  you add  two  FF FF   in the middle.


FE  is link local can be auto configured

FC  is private addressing    Unique

Globally aggregetable  = aggregate of the IPV6

Anycast is to the nearest.

FF:01 1  all nodes
FF: 01 2  all routers
FF:02  5  OSPF
FF:02 6  OSPF designated
FF:02  9   RIPnG
FF:02 A   EIGRP
FF:02 C   DHCP

ICMPv6 discovers MTu

IPv6  ND  neighbor discovery

IPv6 DNS   AAAAAAAAAAAA
Use the same DNS server.

Stateless link local
Stateless global
Stateful DHCP


Global
Talk to router and gets the prefix
Prefix  +  MAC = address

EIGRP  for  IPv6
RIPnG
OSPFv3
BGP4
ISIS for   IPv6

Dual Stack is both IPv4 and IPv6
Tunneling  IPv6  into an IPv4 tunnel
Translate   IPv6 to IPv4

Dual Stack  - if DNS sends AAAAA it uses IPv6

Automatic Tunnel
IPv4 compatible
6 to 4   the destination has an IPV4 in it    which is used as the tunnel envelope
6 over 4   Multicast over Multicast

ISATAP - Greek, Chinese

Daul stack can use PAT  or NAT-PT

Ciscio 6PE over MPLS

Service Block service the translations.

WAN design

Circuit Switching -  the circuit comes up for the duration. Phone and ISDN
leased lines - dedicated to you by the service provider   TDM  T1
Packet and Cell -  Frame and ATM

Hub and spoke to the HQ. However if the router at HQ fails all are affected.
Full mesh  -  expensive to maintain. N(N-1)/2
Partial Mesh -  flexible to where you want it.

VPN over public networks is  limited to a Best effort as you cannot control the traffic in the ISP

Access VPN for users-    You can also use a NAC to connect to first which will then set up the VPN
The NAC is a public facing device Portal where you http to it and then type a user password.

Intranet VPN  -  this is from site to site. Using public or WAN.

Extranet VPN  is   for business partners so they can access the DMZ


Enterprise VPN is when you set it up.
IPSEC is one VPN  usually from firewall to firewall.
It can use ESP  to encrypt the data    or   AH  which only encrypts the headers (not secure for data)
HMAC codes in it will protect from man in the middle attacks and replay.
You can also use PKI  certificates for an added layer.

Cisco Easy VPN - you set up a server which is the head.   Then the remote configuration is easy.
                           the remote devices are ISRs.

GRE - works for encapsulation all protocols. Does not have any security.
           you must add IPSEC tunnel to it in order to have security.

DMVPN  - dynamic VPN
                   NHRP  next hop resolution protocol     which will point to the HQ.
                    mGRE   Multipoint GRE   supports multipoint tunnels.
                   IP multicast  , routing   , dynamic spokes  all QoS
Each remote site is connected using a GRE tunnel to the HQ.
For redundancy you will need two heads.
DPD dead peer detection can be used to verify tunnel is alive  (keepalive)


VTI virtual tunnel interface
Can run routing  , does not need GRE or mGRE.

L2tpv3
can run frame relay and ppp  ethernet

Service provider VPN.
Can run MetroEthernet

VPLS is a VPN  over MPLS
it allows you to run Layer 2  from one location to the next.
Useful for Storage redundancy for example.

MPLS
Uses Labels instead of routing  and can run over a variety of media.
Uses VRF

Layer 3 MPLS  Tight SLA and QoS.

VPNs are flexible and cost effective.

Dial Backup used for ISDN  so it will ring a floating route.

Secondary WAN link  - backup  or load sharing.

Shadow PVC  - used in frame relay.

IPSEC VPN backup tunnel can be used in case the ISP MAN fails.

Load balancing.
Cna be per packet. usually 56kbps or below.
Per flow or destination is better. also called fast switching.

Decision influence.
High Availability - backup power, backup devices, backup WAN
Growth
Expenses -
Complexity -  Metro is easier.
Cost to implement -
Network Segmentation to separate traffic.
Voice and Video QoS.

Private WAN - Frame relay and ATM . You own lease the circuit
ISP WAN - basically the internet
SP MPLS/IP VPN -   they are good
Private WAN with MPLS -  jeez hiring some CCIE's to maintain it is expensive.

considerations
Port Density
Port Type
Modular
throughput
REdundancy   / Supervisor or power
Future growth

Software
Bandwidth
Security

ISR can do wan video , voice, security
800 ISR  remote user
1800 ISR  branch
7200 - 10000  medium routing
7600  high end routing
12000 CSR - service provider grade.
29xx  35xx 37xx  are access switches.
45xx  chassis
65xx  high end chassis.

Router - WAN
Switch LAN
Security appliance  at the branch
AP wireless for mobility
CUCM   for voice
IP phones and desktops

Small office  50 users  1 TIER
medium office 50-100  2 tier
Large 100 +     3 tier

ISR G2 is better

Small can use an ISR with ports  or one switch.

Medium branch  redundant routers.
Switches with Stacking.

Large Branch
Dual links
Dual routers
Dual ASA
Dual switches with stacking.

ISR 800 for teleworker.

WAN technologies

WAN

Requirements are
SLA
bandwidth
latency
loss

Cost
utilization.

Goals and policies
Applications and growth
budget


ISDN
BRI  - 128kbps
PRI  is 1.54 Mbps   like a T1.

DSL  mainly Async DSL

Cable   Cable Modem Termination System   CMTS

Wireless
Bridge is    point ot point
LAN  is   150 - 300 Mbps max
MObile     GSM ,      GPRS ,,    UMTS   3G    ,  LTE


FrameRelay.
PVC  permanent
SVC   switched just for the duration.

Sonet Circuit baed.
OC 1   51
OC 3  155
OC 12
OC 48

MPLS
Goal is to use labels instead of routing tables.
CE--> PE-->  P __> p  --> PE-->  CE

Dark Fiber is Point to Point

DWDM runs on the SONET and increases the ability to split ligh Lambdas.


CIR Commited infra
Burst  above

Same PPDIOO
Prepare
plan Desgin
implement operate
optimize.

Voice 250 ms
Video can afford to lose some pakcets    voice CAN'T

Private    Dark Fiber
Leased    TDM sonet
Shared    MPLS    framerelay.

Fixed cost  equipment and setup
recurring  are the monthly charges.

QoS
classify it based on protocol   or   a matching ACL.

Classification orr coloring.
Congestion management
Link Efficiecy    for low speed  to reduce latency and jitter
traffic shaping      use    ingress and egress flows.

Classification.
Identify and mark.  = classification
NBAR  can use layer 7 to recognize applications and then label them with a priority.
CAR    commited access rate. -- Basically match a traffic and then apply a priority

Congestion management
FIFO  first in first out
PQ  priority queiuing    sets up 4 levels.
     however   LEVEL High must be emptied before any of the other three are allowed.
     So if you have too much traffic at level High ,  the other traffic will suffer badly.

Custom Queuing      16  Queues, you can set up the queue limit.
                                  so when it is full.  The other queus get serviced.

WFQ   -  this is for interfaces below 2.0 Mbps .
               it creates two queues   -  high bandwidth.   low bandwidth.
              low gets service first.

Class Based Weighted Fair Queiuing.
SAme as WFQ   but you can use access list   and it is modular.


LLQ
Low Latency Queuing.
Basically  class based weighted fair queuing   +    PQ.
So voice EF gets serviced first         +   there is a limit on it.


Traffic Shaping.
Slowing down traffic so the utilization is high but consistent.
helps to curb    bursts into longer flows.


Policing.
Dropping traffic that passes a limit.




'Link Efficiency.
LFI   link fragmentation and interleaving   -   breaks up large packet flows and puts   small voip in between
MLP  multilink PPP     bonds links    like 2*T1
RTP   real time transport.    Compress the RTP   header from 40 bytes   to  2-5 Bytes.

Window Size.
Extend the Window size to allow more data in before you have to send an acknowledge.

Wireless LAN

802.11 1mbps  2mbps   dsss
FHSS  frequency hop will hop from 1 to 2 so doubles the bandwidth.

802.11b 11mbps  uses 11 channels

802.11a  54 Mbps    13 channels on UNII   not compatible with 802.11b


802.11g  54 Mbps  ISM  compatible with 802.11b

802.11N  can run on both  600 mbps   MIMO multiple in multiple out  and OFDM to send the data.


ISM  uses 900 2.4  and 5.5    only 2.4 is used for  802.11b g n

UNI uses  5.0 ghz    and is for 802.11a  and 802.11n

1 6 11 do not overlap.


SSID is used, this is similar to a VLAN to segment the networks.
CSMA /CA   collision avoidance.

WEP is insecure
WPA allows you to add security 802.1x  and AES

MAC adresses can be spoofed.

EAP-FASt  Flexible authentication can be used for the connection.
VPN IPSEC can be used to segment the traffic to the HQ.

802.1x uses EAP  and Radius to verify your access.

LEAP uses a radius and 802.1x
Cisco

IDS and firewall to control the traffic.

Cisco UWN unified wireless network.
Client devices  laptop
accesspoints    cisco AP
Network unification like QoS    IPS   RF management   all of this is done by the controllers.
network management      can be done using the WCS server
Mobility services  like   guest  ,   Voice   , threat detect.

benefits.
reduce TCO
enhance visibility
manage the RF    (cleanAir)
Security   Controller
Unify the wire and wired-less
enhance collaboration.


LWAPP is what the APs use in order to connect to the controller.
AP  to WLC  
Layer 2 LWAPP  controller must be on the same subnet      Ethertype 0xbbbb
Layer 3  LWAPP   controller can be on a different subnet.   12222  12223

12222  data   12223 control


CAPWAP is the newer one.
Uses AES to secure the com
MTU discovery
Control  5246
data  5247    so the opposite

Split MAC  - Lwapp
the AP does
Beacon 802.11
802.11 control
802.11e   queue and piroritization
802.11i  encryption

The Controller does.
802.11i  security
802.11  mac management
802.11e   reserve resources.


Local MAC -  CAPWAP
802.11 MAC management    so the AP does this instead of the controller.

Controller can also proxy.


AP modes
Local Mode - the usual
Hybrid - it will reside across the WAN H-REAP
Monitor  - cycle every 60 and do not participate. Used for IDS. Location based.
Rogue Detector -  sits on the Trunk and checks if there is a rogue device
Sniffer mode- captures packets and sends them to a Sniffer   Airopeak.

Rogue detector gets a list of MACs they hear from other devices.
If that MAC is on the WLC then the rogue detector will let you know.


Bridge mode is for MESH


Connection Lwapp.
Send Lwapp Discovery.
1. local subnet
2. Get WLC from other AP
3. previously stored  WLC address.
4. DHCP option 43
5.  DNS  CISCO_LWAPP_CONTROLLER.local.domain.

WLC will answer
AP gets list of WLCs
Selects AP
1. Previously configured.
2. Master
3. most available.
AP to WLC join

Capwap
does capwap
no response 60 seconds  does LWAPP
no response start again.

First
Second
Tertiary
Master
most available.

Supplicant is the client.
WLC is the authenticator
Radius is the Authenticating server.

To WLC is capwap
from WLC to Radius  is EAP  extensible authentication protocol.


EAP- TLS    public key.
EAP - TTLS   certificate only on the server.
PEAP -   Cisco + mschap.
LEAP - Cisco plus the CCX extensions.
EAP-FAST  build a tls tunnel


WLAN is an SSID
Interface   maps the VLAN to the SSID
port is a port.

A port goes to the switch
you can use many ports and etherchannel them.


Management interface. - Used for L2 Lwapp.  Connection to radius.  In-band management
Service port  -  used for out of band management. Statically configured.
AP manager -  L3 discovery   static
Dynamic interface    -  is to map the VLAN to WLAn
Virtual interface   - DHCP relay , mobility

1	Redundant port for future use (RJ-45)	6	SFP distribution system ports 1-8
2	Service port (RJ-45)	7	Management port LEDs
3	Console port (RJ-45)	8	SFP distribution port Link and Activity LEDs
4	USB ports 0 and 1 (Type A)	9	Power supply (PS1 and PS2), System (SYS), and Alarm (ALM) LEDs

So port 2 is a physical port.
You configure it as the SERVICE port.   It is for out-of band management.

Ports 8 can be aggregated LAGed  and will go to a switch.

Sorry, best I can do.
Service Port.  is a totally separate port  for out of band servicing.

Management port is the in band  and old Layer 2 LWAPP.

AP manager   is for Layer 3 LWAPP.

Dynamic ones are for each VLAN WLAN they will change dynamically.

Virtual is to connect to another WLC  and transfer mobility. So you can ROAM from room to room or building.



2100  25
ISR   25.
So far easy.

3750 Switch with contorller built in  50

4400   100

6500 WLC module   300

5500   500

Intracontroller
ie  the same controller.
So no chaneg except you moved IPs.

Inter controller   Layer 2.
From one controller to the next
Just moves the MAC from WLC1 to WLC2   database.
A mobility message updates the controller.


Inter controller Layer 3.
From one IP subnet to another.
WLC 2 Creates a shortcut. An ANCHOR and tunnels the data back to WLC1.


Mobility group will create the anchor and tunnel.
Up to 24 WLC s
UDP 16666 unencrypted
UDP 16667  encrypted.

Minimize intercontroller roaming.
less than 10 ms
Layer 2 is better

Detrministic redundancy
Primary secondary tertiary.

Dynamic
Easy and load balance.

N+1   one controller is backup

N+N   same number of controllers as the ones you have deployed.

N +N + 1   same number  of controllers as you have  + tertiary as spare.


Limit to 20 users
7 voWLAN

RRM radio resource management
Adjust RSSI
balance the clients

RF group is a group of WLC that sync their RRM
80 signal will elect a master to set up the strenght
Neighbor messages

EoIP for guests
All the guest traffic goes to one WLC.  an anchor WLC.


Mesh
RAP is Root
MAP is not connected to the wire

Four hops   max of 8
throughput drops every hop by 50%

20 MAP per RAP  max of 30

1100 internal 3500i  internal
1200 3500E  external


branch
300 ms or less
use H-REAP for WAN

LOCAL mac
allows you to work even if the WAN is down.


REAP
extends lwapp timers.
Layer 2 security limit


H-REAP
Allows NAT

Datacenter design

So unified computing will be the UCS line.
Unified Fabric will be the NEXUS line. Fcoe MDS for Fibre and CNA converged adapters
Virtualization is the Vmware/Windows/Citrix Nexus 1000V sits on a vmware  Vlan Vsan

Virtualized Servers on the UCS
Virtual resources.
FC or FCoE  or iSCSI
Vlan or VSAN   Vsan is for Fibre.
and virtualized storage and network. You can have context on firewalls, VSS or VDC


Forces that impact are
Power
Rack Space
Cooling
Management
Security

ILO can help manage servers remotely, you connect to ILO and manage it as if you are there.

Space
Load on the floor
power cooling
cabling  -     blade servers reduce cabling

HVAC  heating ventilation and cooling.


Architecture.
Floor load
Space
Power cooling
cabling

Environmental are
Humidity
temperature.

physical
Access to site
Fire supression
Security alarms

Capacity
space for employees

Compliance
PCI  SOX  Sarbannes oxley.  HIPAA


Power
Cooling is the most.
Servers
Network
Converting from 220 to 110
lights

1 Watt = 3 BTU

Access
provides ports
Allows for nic teaming and etherchannel
Allows for layer 3
mix oversubscription.


Distribution.
SSL and IPS
use modules in the 6500
GLBP security
place the ROOTs if you must use STP.

Core
Layer 3
Multicast
Low latency switching
Distributed forwarding using daughter cards.
10 gigE
Scalable multicast.


key drivers for virtualization
Cost
reduce device count
Isolate users and traffic
Better performance for price ratio

higher utilization
better uptime


Virtualization network
Vlans   are virtual  broadcast domains on a switch.
Vsan   are virtual on a storage switch like Fibre  MDS
VRF   virtual routing and forwarding   create a virtual forwarding table  (MPLS mainly)
VPN   create virtual networks over the same media
vPC    virtual port channel   this is MLAG on the Nexus 7000 pretends to be one link


Device itself Virtualization.
VM  virtual machines  on the ESX
ACE  context   splits ACE
VSS   virtual switching system on the 6500
ASA  context   split firewalls
VDC   virtual device context.   used on the NExus 7000  pretends to be separate switches entirely.



Access control at the access layer.    classify the users/devices
Path Isolation  like VPN  or VRF   logical separation over the same media
Services split   using the firewall to control the network Vlan to vlan traffic.  control and manage

Enterprise LAN

802.3 is the IEEE for ethernet  base-T
distance is 100 meters for copper
802.3U  is for 100 Mbps
Base-TX is the CAT 5
Base-T4  is for Cat 3  full duplex is not possible.
base-FX is fiber
Class 1 repeater 1 hop
Class 2 repeater can have a max of 2 hops.

gig is 802.3z  1000 Mbps
802.3ab  is 1000 Mbps over copper CAT cables.

In general 100 meters for cat cables
550  for multimode
Single mode can go 10  40 or 70

SX is multimode
LX is singlemode / multimode
CX  is coax like the antennas cables.

802.3ae  is 10GigE
SR is multimode
LR is multi/single
er is single 40 KM
ZX  is  70
10gbase-t  is 100meters

Etherchannel can bundle links.
So if one fails the other ones still send data.
Links must be same speed, same duplex, same vlan or trunk

The tables in the book are antiquated.

Repeaters - dead , they repeat the signal can't have more than 5 segments 4 repeaters 3 populated.

HUbs are a single broadcast domain , single collision domain . they are dead too.

Bridge is a switch that is using software.  2 or more collision domains

Switch is a bridge that uses hardware chips to forward the data. So more ports and faster.
Each port is a collision domain .  Each Vlan is a broadcast domain.

Routers remove the L2 and add their L2 . they work on layer 2
So each port is a broadcast domain and a collision domain.

repeater + hubs  work on bits.
Bridge + switch   work on frames
L3 switch + router    work on packets

LAN design
Network characteristic  is the application protocol
Infrastructure charactersitics is the L2 L3 switching routing
Environmental characteristics  are the geography and distances.

Peer to peer   messaging
client local   80% is local 20% goes out.
Client  server farms     80% is south to north   20% is internal.
client  to enterprise edge.  like exchange or other public servers in the Internet Edge.

Client to server farms has the highest cost and reliability required.


Best Practices.
Access Layer
Limit Vlan to the Rack.       -so you can layer 3 from the access layer.
use RSTP  as it is better than STP faster times.
Set trunks to ON on  no negotiate.
Prune   unused vlans to minimize the traffic.
use VTP  to sync the vlan database.
Use PortFast and label host ports as access ports.
Consider putting   Layer 3 at the access to improve load balancing and convergence.
Use switchport host   to enable portfast on ports so they go to forwarding quicker.
Use Cisco tools.
1. portfast  skip learning and listening.
2. loop guard b  so the port won't switch to forwarding and create a loop.
3. root guard  to mark that port as one that will not allow a switch there to become root.
4. bpdu guard    to disable the port if someone connects a switch.


Distribution layer
Qos Security filtering  policy and redundant links.
If you use L2  then use HSRP, VRRP, GLBP
Use Layer 3 if you can to improve convergence.
Peer on links that will transit data.
Build triangles and not square.
Try to keep layer 2 vlans in the distribution instead of sending them to core.
summarize routes to offload that from the core.
use VSS  to eliminate STP and HSRP
VSL is the VSS link.


Core layer 
Use layer 3
Use same cost links
Use routing
use triangles.

Each building should have the addresses summarized.

Medium size is two layers  200-1000
Distribution and core are collapsed.

Small
One layer.

Server connect.
Single Link NIC
Single NIC two ports  one to each switch    then you bond then in an etherchannel
Two NICs going to TWO switches.
Content switches.


Datacenter 3.0
Load balancer
SSL offload
Firewall
IPS

At access layer you can always stick a QoS classification.

VLANS
ISL is cisco  it tags before and after the packet.
802.1Q  is Vlan  it marks it inside the packet.
802.1P  uses 3 bits for Priority.

Mark 802.1P as close to the source as you can.

Multicast.
To avoid flooding the hosts use.
CGMP   Cisco
IGMP   iEEE

CGMP the switch will query the router for the MACs of recipients.
IGMP the switch listens to messages from the hosts  to the router like  join or leave

CCDA models

Hierarchical models allow you to.
save cost
Make it easier to understand
Modular network growth
Improved fault isolation.





core
* fast
* highly reliable
* redundant
* fault tolerant
* Low latency
* Avoid CPU intensive and classification
* QoS   using the classification done by other devices.
* limited diameter hop

Distribution
*aggregate
* filter
*route

Access
* classify QoS
* Rate limit
* arp inspection
* PoE
*  Trust


In this model, the Distribution handles the RVI or IP of the Vlan and will route between vlans.

Because of STP one link is disabled from the access to the distribution.
So you are paying a load of money for a "backup link"



If you drop the Layer 3 border to the Access layer.

Then you will gain more links.
However the Layer 3 licenses cost more.
You will also be limiting the Vlans to be local to the switch.


Cisco 6500 VSS- supervisor 720-10G
can run VSS.

VSS is proprietary to Cisco and makes the switches pretend to be one switch.
Must use VSS capable Sup720 or SUP-2t.




The above was the simple model.
This is the Enterprise Architecture Model.

Let's have a look.
Basically the old model was the Core---<>--- Distribution----<>---- Access.
Since now we have a dedicated Datacenter   we can also expand it to
Core----<>---- Datacenter Distribution -----<>----- datacenter access layer

For the WAN  we can also create an Edge Distribution   and   an  Enterprise Edge (access)

So in reality our network looks like 3 triangles

The smaller the network the more layers you can consolidate.



Enterprise Edge.

In this case they split Ecommerce and Internet into two modules.

The E-Commerce will have
Firewalls - obvious
IPS and IPS on switches -  IPS is the new must
Web,application and database -  for Ecommerce


Internet
Will have firewalls
Http servers
Ftp
Email
DNS


WAN
Will have MPLS/Frame/VPN site to site which you can use
to connect branches or to datacenter



Remote Access VPN can use PSTN dial up
or the Internet to allow VPN access for users.











Connecting to your provider.

one router does not provide local router redundancy.

One ISP does not provide  ISP redundancy.


Entyerprise WAN technologies.
MPLS   multiprotocol label switching
Metro Ethernet using QinQ
Leased line
SONET   , SDH
PPP
Frame Relay.
ATM
cable/DSL
Wireless

Cisco says MPLS will map the DSCP QoS marking into the relevant MPLS

Service Provider Edge.
Matches your  Enterprise Edge module.

Enterprise Branch Office.

Usually a router and a switch.

The connection back to the Enterprise Edge can be
1. MPLS using the  WAN
2. VPN  to lower the cost using the INTERNET















Enterprise Data center or Cloud

Teleworker is a very small office or one person.
Usually you can use an ISR  or an ASA to collapse everything into it.

Borderless pillars are.

Access layer High availability.
Workstation to Router
Server redundancy in the FARM
router redundacy within the network compenents
Link media in the access layer.

Workstation path discovery can be using.
ARP  -  find out the gateway
VRRP  HSRP  GLBP  all are the same   two devices create a virtual gateway.
ICMP                 router discovery
VSS  - this is the two chassis that behave as one
Explicit -  I can explicitly configure the gateway manually on the NIC>
RIP   -   yes you can run RIP on the Server ?? not the smartest



HSRP

VRRP is the same thing as HSRP  except it is not proprietary.



GLBP is the Cisco improvement.
It allows BOTH links to stay active thereby increasing the available bandwidth.
Load Sharing
Multiple Routers      up  to  1024   Virtual Groups   on each interface.
You an PREempt a router with a higher priority.
Authentication can be used.


Server redundancy
Use
FEC and GEC     etherchannel bundles.
Use Dual NICs


Load balancing in Cisco can be changed by.
maximum-paths   this will change the number of links the router will use from the default of 4.
Maximum is 6.
All links must have the same cost in order to load balance.

EIGRP can use Variance to load balance   (bullshit)

Process switching     load balances packet by packet.

Netflow Switching load balance by destination   which is much better as the packets   will not have a chance
to come out of order.

Mesh is   N(N-1)/2
Full mesh
Keep broadcast at less than 20%

Make sure a Backup redundant link is not using the same last mile circuitry.

So
Workstation to Router      use   HSRP,VRRP, VSS
Server redundancy      use    daul attach NIC ,  FEC,  GEC bundles
Route Redundancy       use the     load balancing and high availability of more than 4 routes
Link Redundancy     use     a variety of WAN.

CCDA exam intro

CCDA exam.

Have some free time. So I'll just pass it.


Foundation.
PPDIOO
Prepare
Plan
Design
Implement
Operate
optimize

So far so good.
The test revolves around acronyms so memorize.

Business forces that will impact your design.

ROI - Return on investment 
Companies expect either savings or improved earnings due to the devices you place.
Let's cough up an example.
Let's say I have 8 switches in my rack.


To manage them I need to connect using telnet/console to the switch and give it some commands.
Let's say I need to upgrade them. Then I would need to spend 20 minutes * 8 = 160 minutes
on an upgrade.
Let's say I want to troubleshoot the switches, then I would need 8* more screens and command typing to get the issue resolved.
You can calculate the cost of IT engineer as $50 an hour and start adding it up.

now to save money in the above example. I can convince management to purchase a
Cisco 6513 chassis.

Now, I only need to upgrade one supervisor and troubleshooting becomes easier.
So I am saving money.
The ROI is calculated by measuring how long would it take to recover the investment I just made
on the chassis.

Another way to look at ROI is by looking at the benefits of an upgrade.
Let's say the users spend 5 minutes every day till the Outlook syncs and another 5 minutes
a day wasting time waiting for files to get copied.
10 minutes * $6 an hour * 600 employees = $600 dollars of wasted time staring at the screen.
Now if I upgrade them to 1000 instead of 10/100   then they will spend 5 minutes waiting.
So 5 minutes * $6 an hour * 600 employees =  $300
So if I upgrade them to 1000 Mbps switches and network cards I will be saving $300.
So 20 switches * $10000 each  =  $200000

Now your ROI break point or the point at which you start making money on the upgrade is
$20000/$300 =  660 days
So if I invest in upgrading the switches the company within 2 years will have made back the cost
and will be making money on the investment.

A good salesperson will easily be able to demonstrate the value  and not just say
we need 1 GigE switches (1000Mbps) because they are pretty or fast.
{good salespeople are hard to come by}

Regulations
Because of companies like Enron and crackers. There are new regulations in the market.
HIPAA  Health Insurance Portability Accountability Act. -
You me and everybody has a record of their visit at the Doctors, well I might have an erection problem.
Now I wouldn't want it to be published on the web when you google saar that I appear as having that.
So in order to protect the confidentiality of my medical information and transactions.
HIPAA came along with guidelines, so the Dr. needs a safe system. When he connects to my insurance
he needs to have a secure VPN. When they store my data their Database needs to be secure. etc

The second example is Visa and banks. If I can hack into a computer at a retailer that does Visa transactions
I can copy the numbers and Secure codes in the back and then go shopping!!!!!
So for that you have the PCI DSS  Payment Card Industry   Data Security Standard.
So now my Amazon shopping is secure and I can safely swipe my card.

The third good example is Sarbannes-Oxley.  This gem was passed following Enron collapsing
without anyone having seen even a hint. It talks about auditing and how you should "measure"
kpms key performance indicators in IT.
So for us it means we have to monitor the network at Amazon, because if it collapses then the
stock goes down the toilet. So now business must track and publish KPMs so their stock owners
can asses the health of the company.

All in all, when you are selling. You can throw those around in order to get the client to be MORE secure

Competitiveness
So let's say I have a warehouse with dolls. Now my competitor just built an ecommerce site.
So now he has an advantage. To match him I must build one.
Let's say he is using two internet providers so when a storm hits I am out of business and he is running
around stealing my clients.
So now I need a more powerful router.

These three are the Business Drivers according to CCDA.

Technological Drivers
At the same time there are simple Technological drivers.
Removal of Borders
Back when I started in IT if you worked for an ISP you got a free Frame relay for home.
(this was in Dial up days). So I could work from home to solve issues.
Today with the Iphones, wireless, laptops etc. People want to work from everywhere. On the road
at the airport, at home when sick, etc. So there are no more borders. You need to give them more and more
access.
To address this you will add VPNs, remote access, tunnels etc

Virtualization
Most servers in the enterprise are no longer stand alone. Companies placed them in Virtual Servers which run on top of a Hypervisor. Vmware is one example. The Hypervisor will have 50 VMs running on it.
This leads to a very high utilization rate of the resources and a lot of flexibility.
In order to address this you will probably have to upgrade the network because storage traffic takes
a lot of resources and requires low latency.

Growth Of Applications
so yeah, back when I was a kid 1 channel was all we had on TV. Then two , 20 and now you have
800 channels, streaming VOD etc. All of this requires more and more powerful servers and networks to handle it.  The programs over time also become more complex.
If before I was happy word typed a letter. Now I want graphics and links and Visios embedded etc.
So more more more horsepower from the PC and the network.

So
Business drivers are usually driven by business people.
technological ones will be driven by IT asking for resources.


IT optimization can be divided into three type.
Datacenter - ie servers, infrastructure
Network -  LAN  and WAN
Applications -  upgrade the software on them and the application.

Each one has their own people.
Datacenter would be  Dell, IBM, HP inclined people.
Network - would be CCIE's Juniper etc.
Applications - are usually programmers  and software people.

You can no longer master all three unless you are in very SMB .


Cisco has created a FrameWork.
A framework is a patch of ideas or guidelines to help you talk the same lingo to other people
in the field. Which is very important. I might be peddling eggplants and the other guy is british so he is talking about Aubergines. So in the end we fail to make Baba Ganush .

As you can see there are areas
where they will intersect.
Cisco Borderless
anywhere, anytime,anything,anyone
lot's of A's
So from anywhere you go(abroad) , at anytime you want (late),  anything you want (like outlook), anyone (let's say my business partners)
It also needs to be secure (VPN) ,  reliable (high Availiability, clusters) , seamless (one login)
It will be made from 4 Blocks.
Policy and Control   -  You can apply policies anywhere, if you are at home or you just came to the office
Network Services -    these are services for the network, like control or energywise
User Services  -  like mobility , performance (acceleration),  Security (vpn)
Connection management -   manage the connection security everywhere.

Collaboration
Alright we got a nice network but money is made as a team effort. I need to talk to sales, they need to
talk to shipping, shipping to fed ex.
For all of this to happen you need collaboration software.
Communication and collaboration applications - telepresence (video conferencing), Email, etc
Collaboration Services  - these are services for the layer above for example PRESENCE
so I know if the user is online, then I can chat him
Infrastructure - this layer provides you with the tools for the two above.
It includes virtualization , storage, network

Datacenter
Cisco builds on the  Datacenter 3.0
It's a comprehensive Cisco solution to help with this.

they basically have entered the Hardware for the Datacenter market and the networking of it.



The benefits from the

Framework
are
Functionality -  they support the requirements.
Scalability  -  they allow room for growth
Availability -  reliable and anywhere anytime.

Some more examples are.
Performance -  less latency, more bandwith,
Manageability -  easier to use , easier to detect faults.
Efficiency  -  the cost is reasonable

The architecture is roughly.
Switches/ servers           (nuts and bolts)
They are all easier to control with the cisco UNIFIED fabric,network and computing.   (software)
They result in better  energy , workload, efficiency          
and allow you to virtualize,  cloud,  automate and consolidate    (high level)


Alright,
back to PPDIOO
Prepare
Plan
Design
Implement
operate
optimize.
Keep drilling that cycle that Cisco recommends.

The benefits of using it are.
Lowers the Total Cost of Ownership TCO   by validating and planning
Increases availability by  producing a sound design and validating it.
Improve the business agility   by  establishing business requirements and strategic technologies.
Speed access to applications -  byimproving performance,availability reliability, scalability.


Actions that lower the total cost of ownership are.
identify and validate the technology  - for example identify you need a chassis and test it
plan for infrastructure changes and growth -  for example the chassis will be flexible on the line cards you add
Develop a sound design with business goals -  a business goal can be more reliability which the
chassis will handle with Dual Supervisors.
Accelerate the implementation -    less downtime due to solid implementation.
Improve the network and management -  make it easier to manage.
reduce operating cost by improving the process -   for example the chassis allows for easier management

Actions that increase availability are.
Asses the network   - so it can withstand the traffic.
Specify the hardware and software   and keep it current by updating the software (smartnet)
Produce a sound design   - so it won't collapse
stage and test --  to make sure it works in your network and not just on the datasheet
Improve staff skills  - so they will know what to do.
Proactively monitor the network  - so you can predict growth and problems
Proactively manage the security -  so you can block breaches and remediate breaks.

Actions that improve business agility
establish the business requirements.
ready the sites and the people
Integreate the technical aspect and align it with the business requirement.
expertly install
continually monitor it

Actions that accelerate the application and services
assess the network
improve the  service delivery
improve   availability
Manage and resolve problems and keep everything up to date.

As you can see this is a cycle.

Prepare
This phase is where you come up with the Business case.
The business case creates a justification for the expenditure of time and money.
Technologies that support the architecture you are planning will be considered.

Plan Phase.
Here you drill down and identify user needs and goals.
You will also assess the network and see if there is a GAP against best practices and documentation.
You will develop a PROJECT plan with the resources milestones and identify the resources
for the design phase.

Design Phase.
Based on the previous data you gathered and in allignment with the business goals
you will produce a detailed design.
The design will include the Visio diagrams and equipment list.
You will also make the project plan more granular.
Once the design is approved you move to implement it.

Impelentation phase.
New equipment is set up and configured.
Changes should be brought up in change meetings to minimize downtime
Each step should have.
1. description
2. Detailed implementation
3. time to implement
4. guidelines for rolling it back in case of failure.
5. changes must be tested to validate them.

Operate phase.
At this stage you operate the equipment.
Day to day work along with accumulating data for the next stage.

Optimize stage.
At this phase you use the data from operations to see if there is room for improvement.
Also you analyze any problems.
If there is room for change.
You can start the Prepare phase  and place a business case for improvement or change
which will start the cycle again.

Since this is CCDA concentrate on the first three stages.
Step 1 Prepare -    identify the client requirements as far as business and give a conceptual architecture.
for example : the client is complaining about latency. So conceptually we will look at Nexus 3000

Step 2  Plan -   Come up with an assesment of what he has now and the weakpoints or adjustments.
                        come up with a project plan to move ahead.

Step 3 Design - come up with a detailed design plan  and granular project plan


When you run the prepare.
Talk to business managers and to department heads and users to see WHAT they need
business wise .
You can use the
1. Identify the applications and services.          -example  exchange and outlook.
2. Define the organizational goals          example  we want outlook to be more responsive and robust
3. define organizational constraints     example  we have a low budget.
4. Define the technical goals                example  improve latency by 30%
5. Define technical constraints             example the switches are eos and outdated.

You can help yourself by using a template.

now you will have all of the applications identified and the requirements of them.

So the organization wants us to improve the performance of outlook.

now you can identify organizational constraints
For example. The IT goes on holiday for a month.
We lack a high budget - so maybe we get pre-owned.
HIPAA mandates we use IPSEC security for the VPN (which slows down a VPN)


Technological goals is where you can set the deliverables , like reduce latency by %

technological constraints can be cabling issues. Sites. legacy equipment




So far so good.
This is all in the Prepare.

Characterizing the network.
Simply go and ask for any current documentation.
Then validate the documentation to see it is relevant and add more detail.
After that you can run analysis tools to gather data on traffic and protcols.

Site, lan , wan ,power, cabling, rooms
Use existing documentation
Existing tools
or buy new tools.

Cisco Works can give you hardware and software.
make it pretty granular.
Device type  - model  -software on it - configurations - data from tools -  speeds -CPU/mem - WAN data

This can be quite extensive however it can help for building a better design.

Tools
Cisco Works -  maps the network and collects the hardware and software
Netflow -  gives you data on the traffic.
NBAR - analyzes the application flows.
Third party tools -

Additional tools can be used for example for wireless.
Airmagnet - can analyze interference.

Commands for Cisco.
show tech-support    gives you a detailed output
show process CPU  -  gives you a CPU reading
show version    - will show you the IOS you are running.
show process memory  -   gives you the memory usage.
show log  -  will give you errors on the log
show interface -  will give you stats on the interface.
show policy-map interface   will show you policy maps on it.
show running-config      will give you the configuration so you can assess the current network design.


show ip cache-flow
will give you the netflow output.

CNS Cisco netflow collector engine    collects netflows from devices.


Checklist for best practices 
Nework LAN should use switches and not hubs.
no WAN link is saturated    anything above 70% is a red flag.
Response times should be   less than 100ms   or 2ms in the LAN.
Segments should not have  more than 20%  broadcast /multicast
Ethernet should not have more than  0.1 percent collisions      (high utilization leads to collisions)
CPU of more than 75% for more than 5 minutes is a  red flag.
output queue drops   should not exceed 100 for an hour
Input queue drops should not exceed 50 for an hour
buffer missed   25 per hour
ignored     should not exceed 10
QoS should be configured for VOIP or other sensitive traffic.

Steps were
Documentation
Audit of the network           - cisco works
Traffic analysis           -  CNS analyze netflow.


Designing the network.
In order to validate the design you can use a
Prototype -  which is a separate network test.       (in a lab)
Pilot -  a test run on a live network   (for example only in the IT department)

Design from the TOP of the model down.
Application needs
then only the transport   network  and data link  physical

Top - Down  is more time consuming however more reliable.
Bottom - up  relies on experience  but can be prone to error.


Design Document -
This document details  the business requirement + conceptual design.
The current network and gaps.
Then the design plan, configuration and testing.

1. Introduction - sometimes called the executive summary.
2. Design requirement -  that are the business ones
3. existing network   - add diagrams and data accumulated from the audit.
4. Design -  and why it solves the requirements and addresses the current
5. Validation -  data on the testing that was done. also called Proof of Concept.
6. Impelentation plan -  for the Staff on how to impelement the design.
7. appendixes   with all the detailed data gathered.

Before you move on you need to create a detailed implementation plan.
1. Step
2. reference to the design document
3. detailed implementation of the step.
4. detailed rollback.
5. estimated time to complete.


Q&A
list the PPDIOO
Prepare
plan
design
implement
operate
optimize

which business forces affect the design.
ROI
REgulations
business competitivenes.
efg

Which step is critical in identifying the organizational goals.
Identify customer requriements   a

What needs to be obtained prior to designing the network.
Organizational goals
technical constraints
existing applications
bce

Match each PPDIOO with
i  implement      installation and config
ii  optimize        proactive management
iii  design       provides HA design
iv prepare      Gap analysis
v   operate     day to day
vi   plan         Establish requirements.

Which borderless architecture provides mobility.
User services provide mobility

Which are three steps in the design part of the PPDIOO
b  design the solution
e   validate the design
a review the cost.
BCD

Match infrastructure with the description.
i  identity   is   AAA NAC         D
ii mobility is     access from arremote location   A  
iii Storage  is    storage of critical data   e
iv  compute   is   improved computational resources.
v   security   is    secure communications.
vi   voice    is     unified messaging.

A company location is used for a test
that is a PILOT  b

An isolated location is used for a test.
That is a Prototype   A

NBAR netflow are
Network analysis tools  B

Monitoring Cisco works and Whatsup are.
Network audit tools   A

Which are technical constraints.
existing wiring  A
existing bandwidth  B

Which are technical goals.
Improve the LAN  C
add redundancy  D

Which are organizational goals.
improve customer support   A
Increase competitiveness  C
Reduce operational cost   E

Which are organizational constraints.
BDF

What components are in the design document.
ip scheme A
implent plan  B
design requirements  D
selected routing   E

Match each document with the description.
i. introduction            goals  d
ii    design requriements     organizational requirements  c
iii  existing network     current diagram  b
iv  design     new logical topology   f
v  proof of concept       pilot    e
vi   implementation plan    detailed steps  A
vii appendix    supporting information  g


Network health
is based on stats from the network    c

Network audit 75% for a wan link
increase the bandwidth  C

What information in a network audit report.
A device list
B IOS versions
C router models
D  interface speeds
E network utliziation.

Which three steps help characterize the network
BCD
Traffic analysis
audit
Collect info

Which command shows CPU
show process CPU     b

What can be obtined using the traffic analyzer.
Average bit rate.   e

Which commands provide information about   apps protocols flows.
show ip interface b
show ip cache flow  c
show ip nbar  d

what is used to create the documetnation of the current network
A show commands
b audit
c audit
d existing documentation

Sequence of top down   is the
application presetnation session transport network datalink phyiscal

Which are potential scopes. ???

29
dbca

30
cd

31
abcd

32
b pilot

33 which three are in the design
b design requirements
a design details
e implementation plan.